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  Effective Conservation Science: Data Not Dogma

  Michelle Marvier

  This novel text assembles some of the most intriguing voices in modern conservation biology. Collectively they highlight many of the most challenging questions being asked in conservation science today, each of which will benefit from new experiments, new data, and new analyses. The book's principal aim is to inspire readers to tackle these uncomfortable issues head-on. A second goal is to be reflective and consider how the field has reacted to challenges to orthodoxy, and to what extent have or can these challenges advance conservation science. Furthermore, several chapters discuss how to guard against confirmation bias. The overall goal is that this book will lead to greater conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity by harnessing the engine of constructive scientific scepticism in service of better results.

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  Embodiment in Qualitative Research

  Laura L. Ellingson

  Embodiment in Qualitative Research connects critical, interdisciplinary theorizing of embodiment with creative, practical strategies for engaging in embodied qualitative research. Ellingson equips qualitative researchers not only to resist the mind–body split in principle but to infuse their research with the vitality that comes from embracing knowledge production as deeply embedded in sensory experience.

  Grounded in poststructuralist, posthumanist, and feminist perspectives, this innovative book synthesizes current interdisciplinary theories and research on embodiment; explores research examples from across the social sciences, education, and allied health; and features embodied ethnographic tales and evocative moments from everyday life for reflexive consideration. Each chapter offers flexible starting points for doing embodiment actively throughout every stage of qualitative research. An awareness of, and an active engagement with, issues of embodiment enhances scholars’ ability to produce high quality research and enlarges their capacity as public intellectuals to spark positive social change, particularly within marginalized communities. The strategies offered relate to methodologies from across the entire spectrum: from traditional qualitative methods such as grounded theory, critical/theoretical analysis, and discourse analysis, to arts-based research ― including performance, autoethnographic narrative, poetry, and documentary film making.

  Embodiment in Qualitative Research is designed as a resource book for qualitative researchers who want to explore the latest trends in critical theorizing. The writing style will appeal to researchers who seek a bridge between abstract theorizing and pragmatic strategies for producing outstanding qualitative research, as well as to critical scholars who want to integrate embodied ways of knowing with their theorizing. Graduate (and advanced undergraduate) qualitative methods students and early career researchers, as well as advanced scholars seeking to enrich the scope and texture of their work, will find the text inspiring and engaging.

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  Finance for Normal People: How Investors and Markets Behave

  Meir Statman

  Finance for Normal People teaches behavioral finance to people like you and me - normal people, neither rational nor irrational. We are consumers, savers, investors, and managers - corporate managers, money managers, financial advisers, and all other financial professionals.
  
  The book guides us to know our wants-including hope for riches, protection from poverty, caring for family, sincere social responsibility and high social status. It teaches financial facts and human behavior, including making cognitive and emotional shortcuts and avoiding cognitive and emotional errors such as overconfidence, hindsight, exaggerated fear, and unrealistic hope. And it guides us to banish ignorance, gain knowledge, and increase the ratio of smart to foolish behavior on our way to what we want.
  
  These lessons of behavioral finance draw on what we know about us-normal people-including our wants, cognition, and emotions. And they draw on the roles of these factors in saving and spending, portfolio construction, returns we can expect from our investments, and whether we can hope to beat the market.
  
  Meir Statman, a founder of behavioral finance, draws on his extensive research and the research of many others to build a unified structure of behavioral finance. Its foundation blocks include normal behavior, behavioral portfolio theory, behavioral life-cycle theory, behavioral asset pricing theory, and behavioral market efficiency.

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  From Our Hearts to Yours: New Narrative as Contemporary Practice

  Rob Halpern and Robin Tremblay-McGaw

  Literary Nonfiction. LGBTQIA Studies. California Interest. Literary Criticism. FROM OUR HEARTS TO YOURS: NEW NARRATIVE AS CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE offers the first comprehensive anthology of essays regarding New Narrative writing and community practices by a younger generation of practitioners and scholars. As editors Rob Halpern and Robin Tremblay-McGaw write in their introduction, "We are not interested in offering an 'authoritative' canon of New Narrative work, nor are we interested in consolidating an official version of New Narrative's history. Rather, we want to use this as an opportunity to foreground New Narrative as a movement that is still coming into focus, a more or less unstable object that doesn't want to be 'fixed,' codified, or hardened into a limited & limiting list of names and works. One of our motivating questions is Why New Narrative now? Or, What are the stakes of New Narrative for our contemporary moment? In other words, while we remain committed to a set of past works that have been identified as 'New Narrative,' we are equally committed to maintaining New Narrative as a dynamic and ongoing project, one with consequences for our present writing." Roomy in the collective vision that they manifest, the twenty-four contributions to FROM OUR HEARTS TO YOURS address the AIDS crisis, the politics of race, the structural impacts of neo-liberalism on urban space, and the movement across queer, straight and transgender subject positions. Other topics of investigation include the category of queer art, the importance of "feeling," the fiction of personality, the necessity of risk, the function of pedagogy, the strategy of appropriation, as well as scandal and gossip as these topics have been important to New Narrative and its expanded sphere of influence.

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  Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam

  Anh Q. Tran

  Though a minority religion in Vietnam, Christianity has been a significant presence in the country since its arrival in the sixteenth-century. Anh Q. Tran offers the first English translation of the recently discovered 1752 manuscript Tam Giáo Chu Vong (The Errors of the Three Religions).
  
  Structured as a dialogue between a Christian priest and a Confucian scholar, this anonymously authored manuscript paints a rich picture of the three traditional Vietnamese religions: Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. The work explains and evaluates several religious beliefs, customs, and rituals of eighteenth-century Vietnam, many of which are still in practice today. In addition, it contains a trove of information on the challenges and struggles that Vietnamese Christian converts had to face in following the new faith.
  
  Besides its great historical value for studies in Vietnamese religion, language, and culture, Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors raises complex issues concerning the encounter between Christianity and other religions: Christian missions, religious pluralism, and interreligious dialogue.

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  Hard Sentences: Crime Fiction Inspired by Alcatraz

  David James Keaton and Joe Clifford

  Inside these walls, you'll find 19 stories detailing the cold, strange history of The Rock, nightmares real and imagined, including the deadly, acid-induced legacy of Whitey Bulger, Al Capone's final days, as well as dark tales of Robert "Birdman" Stroud, Creepy Karpis, and other less-notorious but equally memorable prisoners. Re-live the Civil War incarnation of Alcatraz, sample the prison's famous mess hall menu, and discover specters of the '70s Native American occupation who still haunt the crumbling halls. Read previously unreleased transcripts outlining wild plans and long-buried secrets. Experience the day-to-day routine of Alcatraz families, which included 80 children, who tried to go about life as usual on the island, every day playing within earshot of murderers. Learn what it takes to squeeze through the bars of a cell and why a man is sometimes better off simply serving his sentence. And find out what really happened in June of 1962 when Frank Morris and the Anglin brothers escaped the prison, only to disappear forever.Over 5,000 tourists travel to Alcatraz every day, drawn to the lonely clang of those steel doors, trying to catch glimpses of the shadows of those 1,500 former prisoners.Now you can take this experience home and read about it in solitude rather than solitary.
  
  
  

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  Holy Hip Hop in the City of Angels (Music of the African Diaspora)

  Christina Zanfagna

  In the 1990s, Los Angeles was home to numerous radical social and environmental eruptions. In the face of several major earthquakes and floods, riots and economic insecurity, police brutality and mass incarceration, some young black Angelenos turned to holy hip hop—a movement merging Christianity and hip hop culture—to “save” themselves and the city. Converting street corners to open-air churches and gangsta rap beats into anthems of praise, holy hip hoppers used gospel rap to navigate complicated social and spiritual realities and to transform the Southland’s fractured terrains into musical Zions. Armed with beats, rhymes, and bibles, they journeyed through black Lutheran congregations, prison ministries, African churches, reggae dancehalls, hip hop clubs, Nation of Islam meetings, and Black Lives Matter marches. Zanfagna’s fascinating ethnography provides a contemporary and unique view of black LA, offering a much-needed perspective on how music and religion intertwine in people's everyday experiences.

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  Innovation Theology: A Biblical Inquiry and Exploration

  Lanny Vincent

  Innovation Theology: A Biblical Inquiry and Exploration invites seminary leaders to explore an uncharted territory--theology for innovating. This unexplored terrain of practical and applied theology holds gems of substantive and practical wisdom for innovating in the marketplace, society, and church. Innovation Theology brings theological perspectives to the challenges of innovating and promises to transform how we make sense of change and where (and why) we choose to innovate. Innovation Theology makes the case that God continues to create and continues to invite us, through change, to co-create new value for others (i.e., innovate). Innovation Theology explores where discovery, invention, and value creation intersect (or not) with the intentions of God. Not to be confused with workplace spirituality, business ethics, or critiques of technology, theology for innovating can encourage scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs to aim their innovating toward the common good, not just in response to the invisible hand of the market. Innovation Theology invites us to make meaning before money, aim for plumb lines before bottom lines, and reattach extrinsic to intrinsic value. The one for whom all things are possible is interested, invested, and engaged in innovating. Are we innovating with him, or not?

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  Internet Law: Cases & Materials (2017 Edition)

  Eric Goldman

  This is a casebook for students learning Internet Law, but other people interested in Internet Law may find it interesting. The book covers jurisdiction, contracts, trespass to chattels, intellectual property (copyright, trademarks and domain names), pornography, defamation and other information torts (including limits on web host liability), privacy, spam and the legal issues applicable to blogs and social media.

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  Knowing Moral Truth: A Theory of Metaethics and Moral Knowledge

  Christopher B. Kulp

  This is a book on metaethics and moral epistemology. It asks two fundamental questions: (i) Is there any such thing as (non-relative) moral truth?; and (ii) If there is such truth, how do we come into epistemic contact with it? Roughly the first half of the book is aimed at answering the first question. Its animating idea is that we should take our ordinary, tutored moral judgments seriously—judgments typified by our conviction that it is clearly true that some acts, policies, social norms et al. are morally right or wrong, permissible or impermissible, praiseworthy or condemnable, etc., no matter when, where, or by whom they are performed. In order to provide a firm conceptual basis for such judgments, the book develops a theory of moral truth, based on a theory of moral facts. The account of moral truth and moral facts is further grounded on a theory of moral properties. In short, the book develops a theory of moral realism, roughly, the view that there are indeed non-relative, first-order moral truths. The second half of the book is aimed at answering the second question above. Building squarely on the metaethical theories developed earlier, the book argues for a non-empiricist theory of justified moral belief and knowledge. Pivotal to this project is a careful analysis of various forms of moral skepticism, by which I mean any conception of morality substantially at odds with the general contours of our ordinary moral thinking. All such skepticisms are rejected, and in their place a broadly intuitionist, epistemically fallibilist theory of moral knowledge is advanced. The conclusion reached is that we have very strong reason to believe that our ordinary moral thinking, although certainly liable to error, is fundamentally sound. Moral knowledge is ubiquitous.

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  Management in the Digital Age: Will China Surpass Silicon Valley?

  Annika Steiber

  In this Springer Brief, the author introduces how Chinese firms are successfully using their own variants of the 'Silicon Valley Approach' to management. The author begins the discussion by deliberating on the extent to which management models need to be re-invented. A fundamentally new approach is then introduced, which already exists and is proving itself in practice at some of Silicon Valley´s most dynamic firms. The author finds that the Chinese management models, in comparison, may be even more advanced. If true, this could have profound implications for managers everywhere. The author acknowledges that no management model fails (or succeeds) every time. Skeptics can point to big bureaucratic firms that continue to prosper, as well as to radical innovators that have gone under. This book brings to light the need that has emerged for a model that will give companies their best chances of thriving amid the VUCA whirlwind. A comb

  ination of evidence and informed opinion indicates the old management model has run its course.

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  Many and Brilliant Lights

  Robert M. Senkewicz

  In celebration of our 50th anniversary, we are proud to announce the publication of Many and Brillian Lights, edited by Robert Senkewicz. Discover 50 treasures of the Archive-Library with essays from 30 historians, archeologists, museum professionals, musicians, and more!

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  Native art now!: Developments in Contemporary Native American Art since 1992

  Kate Morris and Veronica Passalacqua

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  Sport, Ethics and Leadership

  Jeffrey Mitchell and Donald J. Polden

  Everybody involved in sport, from the bleachers to the boardroom, should develop an understanding of ethics. Sport ethics prompt discussion of the central principles and ideals by which we all live our lives, and effective leadership in sport is invariably ethical leadership. This fascinating new introduction to sport ethics outlines key ethical theories in the context of sport as well as the fundamentals of moral reasoning. It explores all the central ethical issues in contemporary sport: from violence, hazing, and gambling to performance enhancement, doping, and discrimination.

  This book not only investigates the ethical, social, and legal underpinnings of the most important issues in sport today, but also introduces the reader to the foundations of ethical leadership in sport and discusses which leadership strategies are most effective. Each chapter includes original real-world case studies, learning exercises, and questions to encourage students to reflect on the ethical problems presented.

  Sport, Ethics and Leadership is an essential resource for any course on sport and leisure studies, the ethics and philosophy of sport, or sport and leisure management.

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  The Critical Surf Studies Reader

  Dexter Zavalda Hough-Snee and Alexander Sotelo Eastman

  The evolution of surfing—from the first forms of wave-riding in Oceania, Africa, and the Americas to the inauguration of surfing as a competitive sport at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics—traverses the age of empire, the rise of globalization, and the onset of the digital age, taking on new meanings at each juncture. As corporations have sought to promote surfing as a lifestyle and leisure enterprise, the sport has also narrated its own epic myths that place North America at the center of surf culture and relegate Hawai‘i and other indigenous surfing cultures to the margins. The Critical Surf Studies Reader brings together eighteen interdisciplinary essays that explore surfing's history and development as a practice embedded in complex and sometimes oppositional social, political, economic, and cultural relations. Refocusing the history and culture of surfing, this volume pays particular attention to reclaiming the roles that women, indigenous peoples, and people of color have played in surfing.
  
  

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  The Edge: The Pressured Past and Precarious Future of California's Coast

  Kim Steinhardt and Gary Griggs

  The Pacific coast is the most iconic region of California and one of the most fascinating and rapidly changing places in the world. Densely populated, urbanized, and industrialized -- but also home to wilderness with complex, fragile ecosystems -- the coast is the place where humanity and nature coexist in a precarious balance that is never perfectly stable.

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  The First Church of What's Happening

  Miah Jeffra

  Literary Nonfiction. LGBTQIA Studies. What does it mean to be American, Californian, queer, even creative, in an era of tweeted populism and hashtags? Miah Jeffra examines our new and rapidly changing public life by questioning a few fundamentals—perception, memory, identity, violence, love—in all their complexity, and in their relationship to one other. THE FIRST CHURCH OF WHAT'S HAPPENING is a love letter to humanity and its resilience, even as it wades through divisive politics, social media and technological disassociation.
  
  
  

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  The Leadership Challenge: How to Make Extraordinary Things Happen in Organizations (6th Edition)

  James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner

  The most trusted source of leadership wisdom, updated to address today's realities

  The Leadership Challenge is the gold-standard manual for effective leadership, grounded in research and written by the premier authorities in the field. With deep insight into the complex interpersonal dynamics of the workplace, this book positions leadership both as a skill to be learned, and as a relationship that must be nurtured to reach its full potential. This new sixth edition has been revised to address current challenges, and includes more international examples and a laser focus on business issues; you'll learn how extraordinary leaders accomplish extraordinary things, and how to develop your leadership skills and style to deliver quality results every time. Engaging stories delve into the fundamental roles that great leaders fulfill, and simple frameworks provide a primer for those who seek continuous improvement; by internalizing key insights and putting concepts into action, you'll become a more effective, more impactful leader.

  A good leader gets things done; a great leader aspires, inspires, and achieves more. This book highlights the differences between good and great, and shows you how to bridge the chasm between getting things done and making things happen.

  • Gain deep insight into leadership's critical role in organizational health
  • Navigate the shift toward team-oriented work relationships
  • Motivate and inspire to break through the pervasive new cynicism
  • Leverage the electronic global village to deliver better results

  Business is evolving at an increasingly rapid rate, and leaders must keep pace with the changes or risk stagnation. People work differently, are motivated differently, and have different expectations today—business as usual is quickly losing its effectiveness. The Leadership Challenge helps you stay current, relevant, and effective in the modern workplace.

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  The New Frontier: Merit vs. Caste in the Indian IT Sector

  Marilyn Fernandez

  Does the burgeoning Indian Information Technology (IT) sector represent a deviation from the historical arc of caste inequality or has it become yet another site of discrimination? Those who claim that the sector is caste-free believe that IT is an equal opportunity employer, and that the small Dalit footprint is due to the want of merit. But they fail to consider how caste inequality sneaks in by being layered on socially constructed ‘pure merit’, which favours upper castes and other privileged segments, but handicaps Dalits and other disadvantaged groups. In this book, Fernandez describes how the practice of pure and holistic merit are deeply embedded in the social, cultural, and economic privileges of the dominant castes and classes, and how caste filtering has led to the reproduction of caste hierarchies and consequently the small Dalit footprint in Indian IT.

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  The Sensus Fidelium and Moral Theology

  Lisa A. Fullam and Charles E. Curran

  "Who are the laity"
  In his seminal work on the sensus fidelium, On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine (1859), John Henry Newman recounts that when Bishop William Ullathorne of Birmingham put this question to him, Newman "answered ... that the Church would look foolish without them."
  
  In the wake of Pope Francis revival of the synod process and its attendant consultation of the Catholic laity in preparation for the Synod on the Family, The Sensus Fidelium and Moral Theology is an especially timely book. By presenting points of view on the sensus fidelium from a wide range of theologians and pastors, it makes an outstanding contribution by widening its application to ethical and not only doctrinal issues.
  
  This volume will be consulted not only by students and professors of moral theology but also by all educated and involved lay people who want to see how the concept of the sensus fidelium, championed by one of the greatest minds of the nineteenth century, is experiencing a deserved revival after years of being consigned to limbo by those who would prefer to equate authentic Catholic teaching with the hierarchical magisterium.

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  The Unmoored God: Believing in a Time of Dislocation

  Paul Crowley SJ

  This short, profound reflection centers on the meaning of faith and the place of God in a time of "dislocation." As Paul Crowley writes: "Dislocated humanity is met by a God who chooses a divine dislocation in the Incarnation, entering simply and intimately into our own human condition and showing the way, through suffering, toward life. Believing in this unmoored God would look like entering into solidarity with unmoored humanity, and journeying with those who suffer, just as God did in Jesus."
  
  For all who struggle with belief in God in a time lacking familiar props or sure signposts, Crowley offers answers from his own heartfelt reflection and theological struggle.

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  Tsong Khapa's Illumination of the Hidden Meaning: Mandala, Mantra, and the Cult of the Yoginis

  David B. Gray

  This is the first in a two-volume annotated translation of Tsong Khapa's Illumination of the Hidden Meaning (sbas don kun sel). A magnificent and massive commentary on the Cakrasamvara Tantra, this is first English translation of a work that marks a milestone in the Tibetan assimilation of the Indian Buddhist tantras.
  
  This first volume, which includes Tsong Khapa's detailed introduction to chapters 1 to 24 of the 51 chapter root tantra, covers the history of the tradition, its interpretation, and a range of topics including the construction of the mandala, the consecration therein, and the decoding of mantras and their ritual applications, as well as extensive details concerning the clans of the yoginis and the procedures to win their favor. David B. Gray situates the work in context and explores in depth the sources used in composing this commentary. He also provides detailed notes, a trilingual English-Tibetan-Sanskrit glossary, and an appendix that includes a translation and a critical edition of the Laghusamvaratantrapatalabhisandhi, a synopsis of the Cakrasamvara Tantra composed by Sumatikirti, which is quoted in its entirety by Tsong Khapa in his commentary. This work will be followed by a second volume of the annotated translation subtitled Yogic Vows, Conduct, and Ritual Praxis (An Annotated Translation of Chapters 25-51) and a third volume that will include a critical edition of the entire Tibetan text.

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  Undocumented and in College: Students and Institutions in a Climate of National Hostility

  Terry-Ann Jones and Laura Nichols

  The current daily experiences of undocumented students as they navigate the processes of entering and then thriving in Jesuit colleges are explored alongside an investigation of the knowledge and attitudes among staff and faculty about undocumented students in their midst, and the institutional response to their presence. Cutting across the fields of U.S. immigration policy, theory and history, religion, law, and education, Undocumented and in College delineates the historical and present-day contexts of immigration, including the role of religious institutions. This unique volume, based on an extensive two-year study (2010–12) of undocumented students at Jesuit colleges in the United States and with contributions from various scholars working within these institutions, incorporates survey research and in-depth interviews to present the perspectives of students, staff, and the institutions.

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  Women and Social Movements in Modern Empires since 1820

  Kathryn Kish Sklar, Thomas Dublin, and Barbara Molony

  Through 75,000 pages of highly curated text-based documents, Women and Social Movements in Modern Empires Since 1820–a supplement to Women and Social Movements, International–explores prominent themes in world history since 1820: conquest, colonization, settlement, resistance, and post-coloniality, as told through women’s voices.

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  Women’s Activism and "Second Wave" Feminism: Transnational Histories

  Barbara Molony and Jennifer Nelson

  Women's Activism and "Second Wave" Feminism situates late 20th century feminisms within a global framework of women's activism. Its chapters, written by leading international scholars, demonstrate how issues of heterogeneity, transnationalism, and intersectionality have transformed understandings of historical feminism.

  It is no longer possible to imagine that feminism has ever fostered an unproblematic sisterhood among women blind to race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, nationality and citizenship status. The chapters in this collection modify the "wave" metaphor in some cases and in others re-periodize it. By studying individual movements, they collectively address several themes that advance our understandings of the history of feminism, such as the rejection of "hegemonic" feminism by marginalized feminist groups, transnational linkages among women's organizations, transnational flows of ideas and transnational migration. By analyzing practical activism, the chapters in this volume produce new ways of theorizing feminism and new historical perspectives about the activist locations from which feminist politics emerged.

  Including histories of feminisms in the United States, Canada, South Africa, India, France, Russia, Japan, Korea, Poland and Chile, Women's Activism and "Second Wave" Feminism provides a truly global re-appraisal of women's movements in the late 20th century.

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  Working Memory

  Birgit Koopmann-Holm and Alexander O'Connor

  The work of memory researchers Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch is a prime example of the ways in which good critical thinkers approach questions and the problems they raise.

  In the 1960s, researchers into human memory began to understand memory as comprising not one, but two systems. The first was a short-term system handling information for mere seconds. The second was a long-term system capable of managing information indefinitely. They also discovered, however, that short-term memory was not simply a ‘filing cabinet,’ as many had thought, but was actively working on cognitive – or mental – tasks. This is how the phrase “working memory” developed. The hypothesis remained unproven, however, presenting Baddeley and Hitch with the problem of working out how to produce definitive evidence that short term memory was a working system that actively manipulated and processed information.

  They responded by designing a series of ten experiments aimed at showing just this – presenting the results in their 1974 article, ‘Working memory.’ The research was a masterpiece of problem-solving that proved revelatory. The authors not only generated new solutions and made sound decisions between alternative possibilities – they also showed that short-term memory is indeed an active system responsible for information processing and managing, while also influencing attention, reasoning, reading comprehension and learning.

  While their work has since been refined by others, Baddeley and Hitch’s problem-solving approach helped to create the dominant understanding of working memory that underpins psychological research throughout the world today.

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  Adolescent Development for Educators

  Allison M. Ryan, Tim Urdan, and Eric M. Anderman

  Designed for both undergraduate and masters-level adolescent development courses. Also appropriate for educational psychology courses for teachers training to teach at the secondary school level.

  This package includes the loose-leaf version and MyEducationLab® with Enhanced Pearson eText.

  An adolescent development text written for educators. The existing textbooks on adolescent development are predominantly written for undergraduate psychology majors and have little to say about what the theories and research mean for teachers in schools working with adolescent students. The key feature that guided the development of this book and that sets it apart from other textbooks on adolescent development is the focus on application of concepts to educational settings and the practical implications for teachers.

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  A Macat analysis of Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch’s Working Memory

  Birgit Koopmann-Holm

  In the 1960s, researchers into human memory began to understand memory as operating under two systems. The first was a short-term system handling information for mere seconds. The second was a long-term system capable of managing information indefinitely. They also discovered, however, that short-term memory was not simply a filing cabinet, but was actively working on cognitive - or mental - tasks. This is how the phrase "working memory" developed.

  Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch wanted to find evidence to prove that short-term memory really could be described as working memory. Their 1974 work presents the results of 10 original experiments and concludes that working memory actually consists of three parts. Two separate components - one handling what we hear, one handling what we see - act as our short-term information storage. The third component is responsible for processing and managing the first two, while also influencing attention, reasoning, reading comprehension, and learning.

  Although evidence from recent experiments has led to some modifications to the Baddeley - Hitch working memory model, Working Memory was and still is a highly influential paper in memory research.