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Table of Contents

Parasocial Interactions and Relationships with Media

Characters—An Inventory of 60 Years of Research . 4

1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

A. Definition of concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

B. Desideratum and research foci . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2. Methodological procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

A. Literature search methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

B. Selection and exclusion of publications . . . . . 6

C. Categorization and processing of the studies . 7

General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Object of investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

A. Research topics then and now . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Publications over the course of time . . . . . . . 9

Parasocial phenomena

in different types of media . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Parasocial phenomena with fictional

versus nonfictional

media characters . . . . 11

B. Methodological approach and data analysis . . 11

Research methods used to study

parasocial phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Specifications of the investigated construct . . 12

Measurement instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Typical composition of samples . . . . . . . . . . . 13

C. Overall results and patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Influence of media users’ characteristics

on parasocial phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Influence of media characters’ characteristics

on parasocial phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Reception phenomenal accompanying

parasocial phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Effects mediated or influenced by

parasocial phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4. 60 years of research—A conclusion . . . . . . . . . . 16

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Appendix A. Complete list of publications

according to their media context . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1. Film and television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2. Radio and music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3. Print media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4. New media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5. Intermedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Book reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Briefly Noted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

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